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Essay on Discussion over the Existence of God - 1249 Words

The discussion over the existence of God remains one of the finest pursuits of the human mind to break out of the world and surpass the practical or extraordinary realm of experience. Without a doubt, the question of Gods existence is one of the most significant questions of human philosophy. It alters the whole meaning of human life, and it challenges if man is really the Supreme Being in the universe or if man has a greater being that he must love and obey, or possibly defy. So the question is; does God exist? Look at the proof produced by the voraciously religious spirit of man, the origins of the universe, and morality. There are many different theories and opinions on how man came to be, evolution, space, Adam and Eve, God†¦etc.†¦show more content†¦It is harder for me to conceive that God doesn’t exist because there is no other conceivable explanation for how all of the magnificent thinks here on Earth were created; there is no other logical explanation for how things so complex came to exist; as far as I’m concerned. William Paley explains it best; â€Å"But suppose I had found a watch upon the ground, and it should be inquired how the watch happened to be in that place, I should hardly think of the answer which I had before given,--that, for anything I know, the watch might have always been there. Yet why should not this answer serve for the watch as well as for the stone?...For this reason, and for no other, namely, that, when we come to inspect the watch we perceive - what we could not discover in the stone - that its several parts are famed put together for a purpose†¦ This mechanism being observed... the inference, we think, is inevitable, that the watch must have had a maker....who comprehended its construction, and designed its use† (Wolff, 2012, p. 315) Some would argue that evolution is the reason for everything and that we all evolved from a single cell that emerged from Earth. Okay then; why havenâ€℠¢t we continued to evolve? If we started out as apes then why are there still apes here; what determines which apes will be Human? To me this sounds more far-fetched than there being a God. Some have wondered, if God made the universe, who or what made God?† God, asShow MoreRelatedAn Exploratory Middle Ground Position Between Atheism And Theism1142 Words   |  5 Pagescoined the term â€Å"Possibilianism†. An exploratory middle ground position between atheism and theism. In this essay I argue that possibilianism as a new standpoint in the debate on the existence of God is irrelevant, as it holds the same ideological stance as agnosticism. In an article written by Eagleman titled â€Å"Beyond God and atheism: Why I am a possibilian† he says that â€Å"we know too little to commit to strict atheism, and too much to commit to any religion† (Eagleman, 2), this is the driving forceRead MoreAn Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1430 Words   |  6 Pages(1779), Hume has the character of Demea present an Ontological Argument for the existence of God. 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For example, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche would view Berkeley’s argument for God as a way for moralists to try to control and stifle the ability ofRead MoreIs it Rational to Believe in God? Essays863 Words   |  4 PagesWhether god exists or not has been in discussion for thousands of years, and an important discussion. Whether it is rational to believe in god or not is another story, like believing in god itself, this topic has brought many discussions. It is one thing to discuss whether god is real or not and it is a complete other to discuss whether it is rational to believe in god or not. I believe that while there may not be any convincing evidence or arguments that Go d does exist, I do still believe that itRead MoreThomas Draper s The Theist 1408 Words   |  6 Pagestheist must come to a point of declaring one of two positions: 1) God is hidden and we must trust that we have guessed right, or 2) God has revealed Himself to us to the extent that we can know Him. The second statement seems to more closely align with Christianity and the idea that it includes an integration of faith and reason. Consider, now, the agnostic position, such as Draper holds. What would it take for Draper to believe in God? As he addresses arguments from apologetics and finds them inconclusiveRead MoreKant s Ethical Theory Of Abortion Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral application of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, one of the greatest minds in the eighteenth centuries, to the enduring morality debate over abortion. Setting the discussion regarding the morality and immorality of abortion within the Kantian ethics framework provides one with a view that transition from the frequently inflammatory pro-choice and anti-abortion discussion points and towards a deep lucid, philosophical argument of such a controversial topic. Kant’s ethical theory regarding the immoralityRead MoreReflection Paper On Philosophy730 Words   |  3 PagesOver these past semester of college, my optimism regarding philosophy and taking a philosophy course has drastically grown. I have always been enthusiastic towards philosophy and willing to take the course; however, it never really occurred to me how influential philosophy actually is. As a result of taking a philosophy class, I have had a plethora of epiphanies and realizations about myself and have had the opportunity to develop my own opinions and philosophical beliefs. In this paper I am goingRead MoreUsing Proofs to Establish a Case for Gods Existence: McCloskey1374 Words   |  6 Pagesestablish a case for Gods existence I would first agree with McCloskey that we should not use â€Å"proofs† for Gods existence since â€Å"proofs† cannot be a 100% proof of Gods existence. But there are two arguments that can help explain the existence of God. T he first is the best explanation approach which is the best explanation for the things we witness. Another classical argument is cumulative case approach, in this approach we use more than one argument to make a case for Gods existence. Both of theseRead MoreThe Existence Of God And The Battle Between Good And Evil1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe existence of God and the battle between good and evil has been a topic of much discussion for centuries. Through the philosophical scope, there is a â€Å"Problem of Evil† that challenges the existence an all-powerful God if there is evil in the world. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, was a German philosopher who argued about the topic of the problem of evil. Leibniz argued that (1) evil is not necessary; (2) that there is evil in the world because as humans we are restricted in our knowledge since we areRead MoreThe Absolute Paradox For Kierkegaard Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesnot have an advantage over later followers? In chapter 3 of Philosophical Fragments, Kierkegaard begins his discussion on the â€Å"Absolute Paradox† by revealing paradox as â€Å"the passion of thought.† Kierkegaard claims that humans desperately want to discover something they are unable to contemplate and are, thus, only leading themselves toward the downfall of all thought. We are unable to contemplate the â€Å"unknown†, and the unknown— according to Kierkegaard—is essentially God. Humans are foolish in

Fourier Series and Waves Analysis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Fourier Series and Waves Analysis. Answer: Introduction: This research paper is about the use of Fourier series and analysis to differentiate the sound waves produced by a piano and keyboard. Fourier analysis was discovered by Joseph Fourier by finding out that any periodic wave with a pattern that is repeating may be broken down into waves that are simpler. This means that a periodic wave that is complicated may be divided into waves that are simpler. The simplicity of the sine and cosine waves have made many mathematicians to use these simpler waves when expressing waves that are more complicated as a summation of cosines and sines with diverse amplitudes. Joseph Fourier came up with an analysis method which is commonly known as Fourier series to be used in the determination of the waves that are simpler and their amplitudes from the periodic function that is more complicated. Sound waves are those categories of waves which can be analysed by the use of Fourier series and analysis by enabling diverse instruments of music to be analysed by the use of this method. The instruments of music produce sound due to the vibration of the physical objects like keyboard, piano, guitar, and violin management. The vibration is caused by a variation of air pressure that is periodic which is heard as sound(Dorfler 147). Fourier series and analysis is a way of representing the function as a summation of the simple sine wave through decomposing any function that is periodic or even signal that is periodic into the summation of a set of simple functions that are oscillating such as cosines and sines. A Fourier transform that has a discrete time is a periodic function which is normally explained in terms of Fourier series. The branch of Fourier analysis if the Fourier series. For the mathematical expression of the Fourier series, s(x) signifies a function of the actual variable x, whereas s can be integrated at an interval of [x0, x0+P], given that both P and x0 are real numbers. The function s can be represented in the intervals above as a series or infinite sum of sinusoidal functions related to harmonics. Separate to the interval, the series is said to be periodic with the frequency of 1/P or period of P. Therefore, if s has the characteristic above, then the estimate is effective on the whole of the real line(Hammond 214). The partial sum or finite summation can be expressed as: The function, SN(x) can be seen to be approximating s(x) at the interval [x0, x0+P], and the approximated values increases as N approaches infinity, s . This infinite summation of s(x) is what is known as Fourier series(Harry 178). Music is a mixture of sound waves of different frequencies. The component musics frequencies are separate or discrete and their ratios form fractions that are simple with a discernible frequency that is dominant. The sound is an example of a wave that is longitudinal which means that the components of the medium vibrate parallel to the wave's direction of propagation. A wave of sound coming out of an instrument of music such as keyboard or piano pushes the air backwards or forward during the outward propagation of sound. This has the impact of pulling or squeezing the air around the instrument by varying the pressure of air slightly(Joe 174). These variations in pressure may be detected by the eardrum located in the middle ear, then changed into pulses of the neural system located in the inner ear, and then sent for the purposes of processing in the brain. Music is a composition of pure tones and can be categorized as either monotonic or polytonic. A monotonic music is a simple tone composed of particularly pure tones such as watch alarm while polytonic music is composed of a mixture of pure tones that are being played together in a way that sound is pleasant-sounding. A sound possessing numerous frequencies such as that produced by piano or keyboard would still be periodic despite being more complex than a simple sine curve(Joseph 168). The difference between the sounds produced by the piano and keyboard is the vibration produced by each of these instruments. The piano can be categorized as chordophone and the part involved in the vibration is the stretched string. The keyboard can be categorized as an electrophone and the part involved in the vibration is the electric circuit. Both piano and keyboard naturally vibrate at numerous related frequencies which are commonly known as harmonics. The lowest vibration frequency is known as the fundamental and is normally the loudest. When the sound waves meet they do not collide with the physical objects, rather they pass one another like spectres(Lenssen 189). The sound waves interfering join each other by the linear superposition principle. With the correct combination of cosine and sine functions, functions of different shapes can be made as shown in the figure below: The process of combination of tones together to produce waveforms that are complex is known as additive synthesis. Music instrument such as piano can naturally perform this process of additive synthesis. Electric instruments such as the keyboard are designed with the mind-set of additive synthesis(Lionheart 149). A wave of sound coming out of an instrument of music such as keyboard or piano pushes the air backwards or forward during the outward propagation of sound. This has the impact of pulling or squeezing the air around the instrument by varying the pressure of air slightly. The piano can be categorized as chordophone and the part involved in the vibration is the stretched string. Since the sound waves from music signals are time-varying signals, the typical Fourier transform is not enough for analysing such signals. The tool that should be used in this analysis is the time-frequency analysis and can be done using Wigner function of distribution, Gabor transforms, and short-time Fourier transform(William 217). A piano sound is produced by striking of strings. The fundamental frequency is the frequency that is lowest in the series of harmonics. In the signal that is periodic, the fundamental frequency is the inverse of the length of the period. By decomposing the complex periodic waveform into series of sinusoids that are simple, the following equations can be derived: The complex waves produced by the piano are a combination of the square waves, sawtooth waves, and triangular waves. These waves are explained below: Square wave: By considering the square wave below which is produced by the key in a piano: This type of wave has a period of T= 2 and = , the integration can be done on the sections of t = 0, to t=1and t=1 to t=2. To find the Fourier series of this square wave, there is need of calculating the coefficients bn, an, and a0. Sawtooth wave: This type of waveform is also produced by the piano when specific keys are pressed. The Fourier series for this type of waveform is as shown in the equation below: The diagram of the sawtooth waves is as shown in the figure below: Triangular wave: This is another example of the waveform produced by the sound waves of the piano(Lenssen 217). The Fourier series of the waveform of this triangular wave is as shown in the equation below: The diagram of the triangular wave produced by the sound waves from the piano as shown in the figure below: The piano can be categorized as chordophone and the part involved in the vibration is the stretched string. When the string of the piano is plucked as shown in the figure below, the amplitude of every mode of harmonic and overtone can be predicted: By the use of the method of measuring the Fourier coefficients, it is possible to determine the amplitude of every harmonic tone. There is need to know that every mode has its own frequency movement and also its own shape before being plucked(Ravetz 167). The shape of the mode after being released should also be determined as shown below: Every harmonic of the sound waves from the piano has its own oscillation frequency, the m-th harmonic propagates m times that of the fundamental mode or at a frequency fm = mf0. Fourier series and Analysis of Sound waves from Keyboard Just like in the sound waves from a piano, the sound waves from the keyboard are made up of complex waves composed of square waves, triangular waves, and sawtooth waves. A wave of sound coming out of an instrument of music such as keyboard or piano pushes the air backwards or forward during the outward propagation of sound. This has the impact of pulling or squeezing the air around the instrument by varying the pressure of air slightly. The difference between the sounds produced by the piano and keyboard is the vibration produced by each of these instruments(Joseph 168). The piano can be categorized as chordophone and the part involved in the vibration is the stretched string. The keyboard can be categorized as an electrophone and the part involved in the vibration is the electric circuit. Both piano and keyboard naturally vibrate at numerous related frequencies which are commonly known as harmonics. In the determination of the frequency of the component that is present in the musical note from the keyboard, there is need of computing the Fourier series of the musical note that has been the sample(Lenssen 275). When a single key of the keyboard (B) was pressed, the following sound wave was produced an electric circuit as measured by the oscilloscope: The Fourier transform of the above signal of the sound waves from the keyboard with the major focus being on the amplitude and the frequency of the signal is as shown in the figure below: For the analysis of the sound waves produced by the keyboard, there is need to re-synthesize the same sound wave by incorporating the component of frequency as shown in the Fourier analysis. Hence the convergence summation of all the periods of the square waves, triangle waves, and sawtooth waves produced by the keyboard can be represented by the Fourier series. The coefficients of the series above are samples of the function of the related continuous time(Dorfler 289). Hence a convergent summation of all the periods of different types sound waves in the in the sound of the keyboard can be represented by the equation below, whose coefficients are samples of a function of related continuous time as shown the equation below: The fundamental frequency is a characteristic shared of all the keys in the keyboard. The lowest frequency in the series of harmonics is the fundamental frequency. In the signal that is periodic, the fundamental frequency is the inverse of the length of the period(Ravetz 149). The Fourier series an analysis is applied in many areas in the field of mathematics and also music. Some of the areas in which the Fourier series and analysis is applied include thin-walled shell theory, econometrics, quantum mechanics, image processing, signal processing, optics, acoustics, and vibration analysis. In music, this analysis is used in the development of different musical equipment to produce different tones required(Harry 248). Conclusion This research paper is about the use of Fourier series and analysis to differentiate the sound waves produced by a piano and keyboard. Fourier analysis was discovered by Joseph Fourier by finding out that any periodic wave with a pattern that is repeating may be broken down into waves that are simpler. The difference between the sounds produced by the piano and keyboard is the vibration produced by each of these instruments. The piano can be categorized as chordophone and the part involved in the vibration is the stretched string. The keyboard can be categorized as an electrophone and the part involved in the vibration is the electric circuit. Both piano and keyboard naturally vibrate at numerous related frequencies which are commonly known as harmonics. Work Cited Dorfler, Monika. "What TimeFrequency Analysis Can Do To Music Signals,. London: William Publication, 2013. Hammond, Nicola. Mathematics of Music. Colorado: UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research XIV, 2012. Harry. Music, Physics and Engineering. London: Dover Publications, 2014. Joe, Wolfe. "What is a Sound Spectrum?". New York: ww.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/sound.spectrum.html. , 2011. Joseph, George. The Crest of the Peacock. Perth: Princeton University Press, 2014. Lenssen, Neone. An Introduction to Fourier Analysis with Applications to Music. Paris: Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, 2013. Lionheart, Bavon. Fourier Series. 2014: from https://www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/~bl/teaching/2m2/fseries, 2016. Ravetz, Joseph Fourier 1768-1830. London: Institute of Technology, 2011. Robertson, Kay. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier. Michigan: School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St. Andrews, 2013. Tymoczko, David. A Geometry of Music. Colorado: Harmony and Counterpoint in the Extended Common Practice, 2013. William, John. Timefrequency Analysis of Musical Signals. Moscow: IEEE, 2012.

Baroque Era and Rock Music free essay sample

It was a time when musicians brought out more intense emotions within their Rock music, which was created during the sasss in the united States by an African-American named Chuck Berry; he used the same principles as musicians ruing the Baroque era and met the same parochial views by society. Musicians during both eras had several things in common, not Just in their masterpieces, in their sociological environment. The Baroque era expanded our horizons with advances In technology such as the telescope, which helped us to gain a better understanding of the infinite.Enlightened thinkers such as Descartes, Hobbes, Spinal and Locke tackled tough questions of existence. Foreign trade and colonization resulted In more people having direct contact with parts of the world hat were previously unknown. Finally, this era led to the creation of a middle class in Europe, which heavily impacted the everyday citizen, and thus its music. We will write a custom essay sample on Baroque Era and Rock Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the Rock era the united States still had fresh memories of the great depression, a World War, and recently expanded middle class due to the militarys GIG Bill, which paid for Tens of thousands veterans college tuition.The industrial revolution had transformed the country and Intercontinental trade was unlike the world has ever seen; the influence of the roaring sasss Jazz era had bred a new enervation leading to interracial music development. More importantly, a new tone and rhythm caused by integrating new technology such as electric guitars, and new style pianos were introduced. The Baroque era utilized new musical instrument advancements such as string instruments and more importantly the first primitive piano. Musicians during both eras faced adversity with their new style of music. Antonio Vivaldi during the Baroque era was one of the first musicians whom were victims of censorship. (Orator) Naturally anytime there are changes there will be people who do to agree. This was more prevalent in the united States during the rock era because of their deep racial bigotry and segregation of blacks and whites; Just like the Jazz era, early rock musicians were African American and therefore Its sound was hated by some, but loved by the majority of the youth. Some felt their indigenous traditions were under attack resulting in religious propaganda referring to rock music as the devils music. It was believed rock music provoked dirty activities such as exotic dancing, and controversial references were sometimes made which invoked music enshrines at radio stations. Some songs even were banned from the being played: Radio stations ban Dotted OBrien Four or Five Times and Dean Martins Wham Bam, Thank You Maam fearing they are suggestive.. .. The Weavers are blacklisted Beyond the biased attitude from the previous generations lays a bigger correlation between the two: the artistic movement created and the influence it had on the world.Invoking rhythmic individuality and (Thornburg) could have been arguably a stepping stone leading towards the civil rights movement in the United States. While he Baroque music style can be accreted to innovation and musical chorale. (Orator) Naturally there are differences in both styles of music such as its sound, implementation of vocal chorus, rhythm, texture, and its effect on their listeners emotions. Baroque music was meant to be listened to, there were no words, no ability to read it, and there were no recorders so it could be enjoyed later. Wealthy or privileged individuals at times traveled hundreds of miles to hear it, and left only with the memory of its elegance, a gentle hum in their ear, and excitement to hear it gain. During the rock era, radio stations aired the nations favorite songs over and over, concerts were very affordable and popular for all classes, and the invention of the record player allowed its admirers to hear music whenever they desired. All styles of music have their own sound, texture, rhythm, and subtle meaning. Which is naturally why each is separated in different categories.Oddly enough the instruments used in several styles of music today can be traced back to the Baroque era. Drastically different sounds, but implemented many of the same tools. Rock music at times implements Baroque chorus in the background using the same principles Baroque music first did in Germany when they married the Chorale. (Orator) In the video presentation we hear Chuck Berrys 1958 hit song Johnny B. Goode and Antonio Vivaldi Concert for Two Flutes. Both drive the audiences emotions of excitement however, both naturally have a completely different sounds.